Knives are one of the oldest and most useful human tools. Our ancestors used sharp stones or wood pieces to do what knives and pocket knives today do. They were used to cut, prick and carve and stood as a symbol of bravery. With the invention of metal, there was an evolution of the most used human tool, knives. As civilization advanced, various types of metals used in making knives (through the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age) emerged.

In prehistoric times flints were used to make knives. Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline silicate form of the mineral quartz. As time and invention advanced with the discovery of fire and annealing in metallurgy, the art of melting metals came and men molded metals for knives. Initially knives were made of bronze and iron. Later, knife making advanced and knives with metal alloys and combinations of metals were produced. These have become stainless steel knives.

Early men used the knives as weapons, tools, and utensils for eating. Historically, knives were decorated with feathers. People took pride in possessing a sharp and beautiful knife. Later gold and silver designs were embedded in the knives. Some knives were exclusively meant for men and some for women; some were made for use by both sexes.

Jeweled metal knives were a proud possession of warriors. Traditionally, people carried their own knives in special sheaths attached to their belts. Such knives were narrow with sharp edges and were used to pierce food and raise food to ones mouth. Even to this day, the Gurkha people still practice carrying their knives anywhere and everywhere. The knife is a symbol of the Gurkha. It has religious significance.

As time evolved, knives were adopted to be used in the kitchen and at the dining tables, however, they retained their use as weapons and in the war field in the form of swords. Many of the native Indian idols of gods are symbolized holding various types of knives as weapons; this proves that knives are a prominent weapon in ancient Indian history. There is no historical account that does not mention the glory of the warrior sword.

In all the cultures of the world, every authoritative head of any kingdom possessed a knife as a mark of bravery. The swords that declared victory in a battle were adorned and handed over to the legal heir. The sword as a knife is a legendary symbol of victory and a matter of pride to be possessed and exhibited.

Every king had a separate category of employers to maintain the knives that were used in the war. With the advancement of technology and the discovery of guns, however, the knife lost its place in battle fields. Nowadays, knives and pocket knives have evolved to serve domestic duties instead.

Paul Sidelinger is an expert in the field of cutlery and is available for interviews and expert advice in this field.

He currently owns and operates Razor Sharp Knives, an online cutlery store. Visit him today.

[tags]knives, pocket knives, hunting knives, history of knives, case knives, buck knives, benchmade knives[/tags]

Dog tags is what the military uses to identify the soldiers. When a soldier is wounded or dies in battle anyone who finds the soldier knows who they are. If they are hurt then they are able to get the right medical treatment. There is no guessing on their blood type. On the dog tags not only does it state the soldiers name but it also has their blood type and the vaccines that they have had. When a soldier has a medical condition they also have a red tag. The red tag will state their medical condition.

The soldiers are required to wear the tags at all times. these tags are made so that they can easily be broken in two pieces. The reason that the military need them to break apart so easy is because one of the tags is left on the body.

They might leave one on the body when they are not able to recover the body right away due to battle conditions. The other soldiers will bring the other dog tag with them. One of the dog tags is worn on a long chain around the neck. The second tag is on a much smaller chain and that one is attached to the first chain.

Another way that the military is able to identify the soldiers is with “meat tags”. Meat tags are dog tag tattoos that they tattoo onto their torso. This kid of identification is growing great popularity. This type of tags is a good way to identify the body when the body is unrecognizable.

Dog tags were not always used they really didn’t get used until World War II. Before that soldiers used to stenciled identification on their knapsacks or they scratched it into the soft lead backing of their Army belt buckle. They would also pin paper notes with their name and home address to the backs of their coats. They did this during the American Civil War.

Then manufactures saw a market in making identification badges. Those badges had pins on the dog tag lets you know what branch of the military that person is in. They would also engrave the soldier’s name and unit.

The tags that were machine stamped are made out of brass or lead. They had a hole on one side that usually had an eagle or a shield and it also had a phrase. The different phrases were “War for the Union” or “Liberty, Union, and Equality.” and on the other side of the tag it would have their name and unit and sometimes it would list the different battles that the soldier was in.

Dog tags are very important in the military it comes in handy for many reasons. It can save a persons’ life.

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An aircraft carrier acts as a seagoing airbase. The aircraft carrier was designed for one thing; it was designed for deploying and recovering aircrafts. It allows the navy to go great distances and not have to rely on local bases to for staging aircraft missions.

Aircrafts have come a long way when they first started to use them they were used to deploy balloons. Now they are nuclear warships that are able to carry dozens of fixed and rotary wing aircraft.

In the article we are going to discuss how the aircrafts have evolved. From the first aircraft to the strong ones they are today. The first ships that deployed a manned aircraft were the balloon carriers. They were used during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. During this time it was mainly used for just observation.

The development of flat top vessels produced the first large fleet ships. During World War II was when the need for the these type of ships. There were ships that were built just for WWII. For example one of them was the Escort aircraft carriers and the USS Bogue. Some of these ships were built just for carriers, but most were just converted. They were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure so that they could provide air support for the convoys and amphibious invasions.

There were light aircraft carriers it was a larger more militarized version of the escort carrier. The light aircrafts had a great advantage to the escort carriers they could carry the same size air groups and they were also able to move at a higher speed.

There were Merchant carriers these could launch but they could not for retrieve fighter aircraft from an attack. The merchant carrier was used as an emergency measure during the World War II. There were other emergency methods that was used which was they used cargo carrying merchant ships with flight decks.

The modern Navy now uses the aircraft carriers as the “capital ship” of the fleet. When before the battleship was considered the “capital ship”. Having the ability to have such great power in the air is a great tool to have during the time of war. This became really popular during WWII. Most of the aircraft carriers are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home.

Since then the aircraft carriers have only gotten bigger and stronger. Today there is Supercarriers which can now able to displace seventy five thousand tons or greater.

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Just one year after the attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the United States into WWII. The BB-62 was launched in on December 7,1942. It was built in Philadelphia in the naval ship yard. It was commissioned in Philadelphia on May 23, 1943. It was actually the second to be named “The New Jersey”. The First ship to be named “The New Jersey” was the BB-61. The New Jersey was named by president Franklin Roosevelt. It was named to repay a political debt.

A brief history of the BB-61. The BB-61 served from the years 1906 until 1922. Then in 1922 it was sunk after it was a bombing target. The BB-61 served in World War I as a training vessel. It also sailed in the Great White Fleet.
The BB-62 was christened by Carolyn Edison on May 23 1943. Carolyn Edison was the wife of Carolyn Edison who was the governor of New Jersey. It was christened after its launch.

The main battery was made of nine 16″/50 caliber Mark 7 guns. These guns could hurl 2,700-pound (1,225 kg) armor-piercing shells 23 miles. The second battery had twenty 5″/38 caliber guns, these guns had the capability of hitting a target up to nine miles away. The New Jersey was then fitted with Oerlikon 20mm and Bofors 40 mm anti-air craft guns. The reason for doing this was because of the increasing need to maintain air superiority. The BB-62 needed to protect the growing fleet of aircraft carriers.

The BB-62 was inactive in 1957. The ship was sent to the New York Naval Shipyard to be placed in inactivation. After the process was done there it was then sent to Bayonne were it sat in decommission. Until April 21, 1968 when it was recommissioned at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.

Then in 1968 when the New Jersey was reactivated some of these guns were then removed. Some of the guns that were removed were the 20 mm and 40 mm guns. The New Jersey was then custom - made for the use as a heavy bombardment ship. It was also fitted with improved electronics and a helicopter landing pad. Her 16-inch guns, it was expected, would reach targets in Vietnam inaccessible to smaller naval guns and, in foul weather, safe from aerial attack.

The New Jersey was now the world’s only active battleship. It departed Philadelphia on May 16, calling at Norfolk and transiting the Panama Canal before arriving at the battleships new home port of Long Beach, Calif., 11 June. Further training off southern California followed. Then on July 24, the New Jersey received 16-inch shells and powder tanks from Mount Katmai (AE-16) by conventional highline transfer and by helicopter lift, the first time heavy battleship ammunition had been transferred by helicopter at sea.

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Undeniably one of our finest Roman towns, Bath is notable for its consistent prettiness. Where many British towns and cities have attractive quarters, they are usually let down by some monstrous piece of post war architecture. Despite being hit by 3 Luftwaffe raids from 27 of April 1942, the city retains much of its pre war glory. Luxury hotels in Bath, as well as the stunning centrepiece cathedral and many other buildings remain standing.

Unlike so many beautiful buildings that were destroyed by German aerial bombardment in the UK, the powers that be in Bath chose to rebuild damaged Georgian terraces, Assembly Rooms and luxury hotels. Bath enjoys the kind of buildings which could quite conceivably have been restored in London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Cardiff - and many of the other towns and cities that received bomb damage between 1939 and 1945.

The bombing of the noted Royal Crescent, Paragon and Circus as well as luxury hotels in Bath formed part of the Baedecker raids (or Baedecker Blitz). This was a set of raids mounted by the German Air Force in retaliation of the British Royal Air Force’s bombing of historic German towns previously. The Royal Air Force wanted to experiment with a high intensity incendiary attack, and chose the historic and beautiful timbered town of Lubeck. 62 percent of the town was destroyed by the raid, which hit a corridor 300 metres wide. Rostock was also hit along with more high profile targets.

They were called the Baedeker Raids by the British because it is thought the raids were orchestrated by selecting picturesque British cities from the Baedeker tourist guide. The first city to be struck be these revenge bombings was Exeter, followed by Bath, then Norwich, York and finally Canterbury. All of these cities retain much of their original charm despite the bombardments. The human cost was high, however, with 1637 deaths and a similar number injured. 50,000 houses were put beyond use.

Bath, like many German cities, chose to rebuild this war damage. Dresden is a notable example of this rebuilding - focussing on the Frauenkirche, which was little more than a pile of rubble by the end of February 1945. Dresden rebuilt various buildings such as churches and luxury hotels. Bath might be considered to be one of cities in Britain that fared best out of the war, due to its forward thinking reconstruction policies.

Although British cities seem to be lacking the kind of archtiecture we might expect from such a ancient land, World War Two gave cities like London the excuse to experiment with architecture. You could not erect structures like the ‘Gherkin’ or Tower 42 in the old centre of Paris or Rome - but due to the Blitz - new buildings have been given more scope in London.

Today we can all enjoy cities such as old Bath, and its seamless joining between old architecture and that which looks pretty old, be it Georgian terraced houses in majestic crescents or luxury hotels. Bath has a great deal of history stretching back to the days of the Romans, who thought it would be nice to put some warm indoor baths here. How lucky we all are that they did.

Anna Stenning is an expert on luxury hotels in Bath having written about fine hotels in cities across Britain.

[tags]luxury hotels Bath[/tags]

The Texas Rangers lawmen have come to be synonymous with law and order in the old American West. Indeed, they are as legendary as Billy the Kid, Jesse James, and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Here’s a little synopsis of their history.

The Rangers are considered to be the oldest organized law enforcement agency in the United States, and they can trace their origins back to the original Anglo settlement of Texas in 1835. It was Stephen F. Austin himself who organized the first group of 60 or so men; but within two years, the Rangers were a mighty force of 300.

They were a rough and tumble paramilitary-style band of tough men whose primary responsibility was to protect Anglo settlers from Indian attack. However, they were soon used for political and military purposes when Mirabeau B. Lamar (who succeeded Sam Houston as President of the then Republic of Texas) recruited the Rangers to wage war against the Indians. The Rangers were largely successful and the Cherokee and Comanche were greatly weakened as a result of their efforts.

It was the Rangers who perfected the technique of shooting at enemies from horseback. They used the new five-shot Colt revolver to do this task and their practices were later imitated by the United States army itself. The Rangers performed legendary feats of heroism during the Mexican-American war, but they also gained a reputation for unnecessary brutality.

Following the Civil War, Texas was again threatened by Mexicans and Indians, and it was the Rangers who were called on to defend the Lone Star State. The 450 members of the specially created Frontier Battalion were instrumental in repelling Indian advances and restoring order and peace during the hectic and precarious post-war years.

It was during this time that most of the myths and legends surrounding the Rangers were born. This was indeed the Wild West, and the Rangers were credited with capturing or killing notorious outlaws, desperados, and other threats to the peace. They strong armed the Comanche, Kiowa, and Apaches and became known as ruthless defenders of the law. In the 20th century, the Rangers were often at the center of some of the state’s most infamous criminal stories, such as that of Bonnie and Clyde.

Despite their mystique, largely the product of romantic writers and revisionists of Old West history, the Rangers are considered a very real asset to Texas today and are a respected division of law enforcement.

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If ever a tea party made history, it was surely the symbolic Boston Tea Party of 1773. Sorry if you were thinking of your grandma’s tea party she had last weekend.

The root cause of the Boston Tea Party was the attempt by the British Government to impose economic tyranny on the American colonies of the time. The government of Great Britain effectively stepped in and passed specific laws in an attempt to help the corporation of the East India Trading Company.

In a well-documented case of economic and political collusion, the government passed the Tea Act in favor of this company in order to forego the taxes normally levied. With this, the company was able to sell its tea at prices that competed with the other importers and even the tea smugglers of the period.

The evident favoritism shown by the British Government to this particular company stemmed from previous measures, in which the government had levied such high taxes on tea that the sales of tea for the East India Company in America had fallen practically to zero.

This brutal decrease in sales of tea was the result of a boycott of tea organized in the Colonies by John Hancock.

WHEN POLITICS TRULY INTERFERES WITH THE MARKET

Hancock had moreover already been charged by the British Government of smuggling, although the charges had been dropped. The Tea Act allowed the East India Company to start selling tea again, but ruined a number of other merchants and stirred the anger of the American colonialists.

REVIVING HISTORY AGAIN TO MEET SIMILAR CHALLENGES

The Boston Tea Party itself came about when sixty Bostonians dressed as Mohawk Indians surreptitiously boarded British ships and dumped some 45 metric tons of tea into the sea.

Their action was the culmination of an ongoing battle between the British and the American colonialists, in which the British were being refused the right to dock their ships and to unload their tea. The Bostonians took action with a tea party after the East India Company had enlisted the support of the governor of the British Armed Forces to be able to dock their ships.

Soon after that, the American Revolution started and the colonialists finally rid themselves of British despotism.

It is therefore highly symbolic that some two hundred years afterwards the American people have organized more tea parties, this time throughout the land in order to emphasize their dissatisfaction with the situation. The growing malaise embodied in a tea party like this and concerning the U.S. Government is what has typically been evoked as a cause.

THE NEED TO IDENTIFY THE ELITE BEHIND THE GOVERNMENT

However, the real despotism of the times comes from the people behind the government. It comes from elite in industry and finance that is responsible for much of the government policy, through its strong and shadowy influencing.

The same problems of the colonialists regarding taxation without representation are again coming to the fore. The entire system is apparently broken and therefore Americans feel that once again… it is tea time.

Do you feel that it is time to have a tea party? If not, please seek the truth!

[tags]a tea party[/tags]

Today’s navy is the most powerful navy. How did it all start and how did we get to where we are today? Well it wasn’t always the way it is today. It first started small with some small sailing boats. Even though it was small it was still respected. They brought something different. They started to use ironclads. It was used during the civil war. What are ironclads? Well they are steam-propelled warships. They were designed because wooden ships were too vulnerable to explosive or incendiary shells. The first to use this type of new technology was the French navy.

It didn’t stop there; as times changed so did our military. Even though our military had won the Civil War the navy had a huge decline. The number of men dropped dramatically. The ships were either broken down or sold. After the Civil War the navy was left with about fifty small ironclads. By the 1870’s most of these ships had found themselves in reserve. This basically left the US navy without an ironclad fleet.

Then in 1873 when the Virginius affair broke. The Spanish anchored their ironclad in New York Harbor. At that time the US military had no way of defending themselves. This brought on the development of five more ironclads. It also helped jump start the repair of several more ships.

In 1881 the Secretary of the Navy was William h. Hunt. He found that over half of the military’s ships were inoperable. The navy at that time also had the monitors, which were small boats that didn’t move very fast nor did they have good armor. They were small but they carried large guns. So he began the start of modernizing the navy. These boats were not going to help them if a war had begun. Hunt set up an advisory board to begin making recommendations.

There were even some of the naval officers who complained that if the military was to go to war, the boats would not hold up. At that time they were criticized and ignored. Eventually by 1897, their concerns were taken into consideration and the ships were modernized. These ships were large and there was about six of them made.

The construction of the modern ships were being developed so quickly. The old navy quickly became the new navy. Even though the navy was modernizing it’s self the secretary of the navy still wanted to build more modern ships. Unfortunately congress denied their request. But a year later congress accepted their request and started to build three small steel cruisers.

This is how the navy got from being the old navy to the new navy.

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Brussels, officially the Brussels Capital Region is European Union’s (EU) is its primary city. It is also the largest municipal area in Belgium that covers the City of Brussels Municipality, the capital of Belgium, Flanders, and the French Community of Belgium.

From being a defense town founded by Charlemagne’s grandson, Brussels had emerged into a city of more than one million dwellers. The urban center, which includes the outer commuter zone, has a total area of 4,127 square kilometers, binding the Capital Region and 103 encompassing municipalities and has just about 2.7 millions in terms of population.

Brussels became a significant center for global social relations right after World War II. It has been the center of primary institutions of the European Union and the legion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Thus, it became the linguist home of numbers of international organizations, schemers, mediators and civilian workers. Brussels ranks as the third richest city of EU based on its assets.

Brabantian dialect, a Dutch language has been used in Brussels for a long time. Brabantic is a variant of Dutch fluent in the very old Duchy of Brabant. This has the important number of borrowed words from French and outlived among marginal dwellers called Brusseleers. A lot of them speak two or more languages. They were also taught in French and to desert the Dutch language especially in writing. Brussels and its hamlet were exposed to Dutch dialect fluent suburbs to largely French fluent suburbs.

The national self identification of its dwellers is far from just ethnic. For the French fluent Bruxellosis, their language differs from Belgian, Francophone Belgian. But following an era of Frenchification it was changed to Francophone. Today most of the people are now native French speakers. Declaring both languages as official brought about tension between the Dutch and French speaking people of Belgium. This paved the way to a free country, having Brussels as the capital of both Flanders and the French Community of Belgium.

You may call the dwellers as Bruxellois just like the Memellander during the between war racial poll in Memel. And for the indwellers who rove from the Wallonia Region at a mature age, they are called the Walloon. Flemish are the settler from Flanders and Brusselaar are the Dutch dwellers. Brusseleers regard themselves as people from Brussels. There are other settlers from other countries and would like to address themselves as Moroccans or Turks over the American way.

It got its name from Old Dutch Bruocsella, bruoc which means marsh and sella which means home or home of the marsh. The colony that was to become Brussels came from Saint Gaugericus’ building of a chapel on an island in the Senne River in 580.

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The early dwellings on the local territorial regions and the nearby areas of the Ilfov County extending to its modern city of Wallachia capital and its present capital of Romania unfold the profound history of Bucharest.

Majority of Bucharest and Ilfov territorial lands are engulfed by the wide forests of Codrii Vlasiei. Its vast forest areas specifically in the Colentina and Dambovita valleys are the location of the common dwellings of the widespread settlements during the early Paleolithic period. Different cultures were introduced to Bucharest. The Glina culture was introduced to Bucharest in the Neolithic period and in the early 19th century BC it has joined the Gumelnita culture. The third part of the Glina culture in the Bronze Age that was revolving on pastoralism and briefly superimposed by the Gulmelnita culture evolved in Bucharest lands along with the Tei culture.

The Getae and Dacians population were recognized to inhabit the area during the Iron Age. The view that the two clusters, both of Indo-European language, are similarly one and the same was disputed. Bucharest’s latter culture however is highly associated with the Dacians which are small populations that inhabit different regions of Bucharest namely Radu Voda, Pantelimon, Herastrau, Damaroaia, Popesti-Leordeni and Lacul Tei. These are the inhabitants that are closely involved with the Greek cities and Romans. The ancient Greek coins were believed to have been discovered in Lacul Tei and Herastrau along with some of its numerous counterfeit counterparts. The coins and jewels of Romans originate from Lacul Tei and Giulesti.

Apart from the Muntenia’s short siege by Constantine I troops in 330’s Bucharest never became under the Roman power. It was in Bucharest soils where the coins were discovered on different locations during the Valens and Valentinians I and Constantine regimes. During the age of migration it was believed that the locals of Bucharest were Romanized following the retreat of the Roman armies from the region. Several dwellings were created by the Slavs around the regions of Bucharest as stressed out as tagged by Ilfov that comes from elha meaning alder, Snagov, Colentina, Chiajna and Glina. There was an assimilation of the Slavic populace prior to the end of Dark Ages. This region is comprised of the First Bulgarian Empire from 681 to c.1000.

The commercial trading with the Byzantine Empire was proven by the excavations of the Byzantine coins from strategic locations during the 9th to the 12th centuries. The region was predisposed to series of invasion by the Cumans and Pechenegs and was sieged by the Mongols when Europe invaded the region in 1241. A dispute took place between the Second Bulgarian Empire and Magyars.

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